Research Proposal on Database Usability Issues Free Essays

There are various sorts of database ease of use issues; you could discuss the issues that happen when a client sees a database framework . I. e. We will compose a custom article test on Research Proposal on Database Usability Issues or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now the client will see not the same as what the database contains. However, with â€Å"the advance in plan of profoundly intuitive PC frameworks proceeds at an ever-expanding pace, with new improvements in equipment and programming being reported more much of the time than any time in recent memory. † (Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. Knott, G. Waites, N. 2005, pg 258) So with the expanding intuitive PC frameworks, inside this exploration proposition I am going to discuss the issues that a client may go over as augmented reality VR, graphical UI GUI and human PC connection/interface HCI. The point of this unit is to give a comprehension of the significance of VR, GUI and HCI in the improvement of easy to understand PC programming and to educate the peruser about the segments that might be engaged with these highlights. The Objectives that I need to accomplish is to characterize what is implied by the terms VR, GUI and HCI. I additionally need to show what applications utilize Virtual reality, Human Computer Interaction and Graphical User Interface. The inspiration I needed to pick the subject of database convenience issues was that I have found out about it previously and I felt certain that it is a region that I appreciated. It is smarter to expound on something that you appreciate, so then the peruser can feel the trust in the survey. It was additionally a subject I needed to look further into particularly the HCI factor. Inside this underlying writing audit I have taken a gander at various books and sites that I feel would help me in discoveries definitions for all ease of use highlights. I additionally took a gander at what applications utilize Virtual Reality, Human Computer Interaction and Graphical User Interface. As indicated by (http://searchcio-midmarket. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213303,00. html# ) â€Å"Virtual the truth is a counterfeit domain that is made with programming and introduced to the client so that the client suspends conviction and acknowledges it as a genuine situation. This implies the client will have a sentiment of having the option to enter a virtual world. The greater part of the current augmented experience situations are shown either on a PC screen, and a few reproductions even incorporate extra tangible data, for example, sound through speakers or earphone. All the highlights cause an imagine augmented reality world to appear to be genuine. â€Å"The ut ilizes for computer generated reality are vast. It very well may be utilized for aviation authority, medication, amusement, office work and mechanical plan. In any case, alongside the great comes the awful. Computer generated Reality could likewise be utilized for ruinous purposes, for example, war and wrongdoing. † (http://library. thinkquest. organization/26890/virtualrealityt. htm) So with having the splendid element of being submersed into an elective world, there can be drawbacks too. For instance I would state that gaming would be one of the most well known computer generated simulations, and in the news you likewise here about how games are taking over children’s life’s, and it is added to make kids stout. This is valid, however whenever utilized in the right way a VR can cause sentiment of fervor. GUI or Graphical User Interface would potentially be the illustrations that might be utilized to help make a virtual world. Galitz, W. (2007) likewise made a valid statement in saying that â€Å"GUIs are taken a gander at regarding their segments, attributes, and preferences over the more seasoned content based frameworks. † (Galitz, W. 2007) A splendid statement I feel was found on (http://searchwindevelopment. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid8_gci213989,00. tml). â€Å"A GUI is a graphical (as opposed to absolutely literary) UI to a PC. As you read this, you are taking a gander at the GUI†. I love this statement on the grounds that it’s valid, I realize that there are no pictures or designs on this archive, however if you somehow happened to open this report on an internet browser this would be the graphical UI you would see. I for one feel that illustrations assume a significant job inside a program whether it is a site, database or introduction. I feel as though individuals perceive pictures before content. For instance on the off chance that we take a gander at YouTube, individuals naturally perceive recordings before perusing its title or portrayal. On a site your eye is attracted to a picture. So by having a program that joins top notch pictures, and possibly recordings, you will be getting the audience’s consideration. HCI or Human Computer Interaction is a procedure that assesses the collaboration between the client and a program. For instance does the client exploit includes a program may have, do they use earphones when utilizing a program. Everything that is utilized to make a VR (augmented reality) or make GUI (graphical UI) is placed into play at HCI. As per (Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. Beale, R. 2004) Human PC communication â€Å"is the investigation of how individuals collaborate with PCs and to what degree PCs are or are not produced for effective cooperation with people. † So HCI considers the two sides of the PCs clients. It sees things like the PC designs, working framework, and programming language and on the human side as indicated by (Cairns, P. Cox, A. 2008) â€Å"communication hypothesis, realistic and mechanical structure disciplines, phonetics, sociology, subjective brain science, and human execution are pertinent. † So for a program to consolidate great HCI, it could contain highlights, for example, mobile interfaces with pull-down menus, exchange books, check boxes, scroll bars and so on. By fusing highlights like these to a program the client will feel they have to a greater degree a co ntribution on what they are doing, this predominantly made by the way that the client will get the inclination that they are controlling what they do. In any case, as per (Preece, J. Rogers, Y. Sharp, H. Benyon, D. Holland, S. Carey, T. 1994) â€Å"A decade prior, when our comprehension of HCI was increasingly restricted, numerous frameworks engineers may have felt that well meaning goals were the significant prerequisite for creating a viable HCI plan. † However with the measure of changes that PCs have experienced in the previous decade, HCI is presently better than it at any point was. HCI these days is tied in with giving a client the opportunity to associate completely with a program whether it be a site, a game or a database and so on. With the fast increment in new advances and PCs now littler than any time in recent memory, with more applications accessible and further developed computer generated simulation encounters; we can just think about what else can the future hold. We have just changed to advanced photos, cell phones with GPRS, something that 20 years prior would have been snickered at. Indeed GUI has brought a significant jump into top quality. HCI has improved with the part of touch screens and remote consoles and so on, and Virtual Reality has even fanned out into the ergonomics area. It has delivered a seat that will get sound and vibrations from a program on a PC or TV. For instance in the event that you get shot at in a game, you will feel as though the slug is simply passing you ear and the vibrations enrapture you so you have an inclination that you in the genuine game. However, there is still a few inquiries that need addressed like: 1. Why hasn’t the progressions in HCI and GUI affect things like teletext? 2. I might likewise want to investigation into a gadget that has opened up in the most recent year and discover why it hasn’t been accessible previously. 3. I need to discover how far Virtual Reality can extend. 4. I might likewise want to know whether VR, HCI, GUI has majorly affected the stout offspring of Brittan. 5. What old individuals think about the adjustment in innovation today? 6. At long last I couldn't imagine anything better than to know how childhoods have changed throughout the years with increasingly more PC gadgets accessible. I would utilize the web for the most part to assemble my discoveries, however I would likewise look towards books and diaries. I would utilize web crawlers to assist me with responding to address one, and two. By doing this I could visit various locales that may offer me responses. I would likely use on-line discussions for question three and four, to hear an imminent on others thoughts. Be that as it may, for question four I would likewise utilize news sites to discover measurements assuming any. For question five I would possibly visit an old/retirement home, or convey polls planning to discover data that will assist me with responding to my inquiries, I would likewise utilize surveys for question six yet somewhat less perplexing perhaps. Just as the polls for question six I would likely go to a school and ask the messes with myself, to get a genuine reaction. To acquire answers from my examination I would design question six preceding school closes for summer, I would ask the children what they intend to accomplish for the mid year, and when they return in September I would ask similar children what they really did with the mid year. I would utilize a similar idea for question four, I would request authorization to perhaps observe various children weight and tallness before they left for summer, and after they come back from that point break I would gauge and measure similar children to work out if the mid year has been a functioning one. Everything else I feel has no significant surge yet perhaps for question three I would observe the most excellent Virtual Reality framework there is accessible now and in a half year I would check in the event that it has been improved any. REFERNCES Cairns, P. Cox, A. (2008) Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction Dix, A. Finlay, J. Abowd, G. Beale, R. (2004) Human-Computer Interaction Galitz, W. (2007) The fundamental manual for UI plan Lawson, J. Yull, S. Anderson, H. Knott, G. Waites, N. (2005) BTEC National Study Guide: IT Practitioners Preece, J. Rogers, Y. Sharp, H. Benvon, D. Hol

Salesforce Case Study

1 . How does Salesforce. com use distributed computing? Salesforce. com use clound processing programming as a help . Numerous points of interest and detriments accompany utilizing the product as-an administration model. A portion of the preferences include: Automatic updates-This implies the client will consistently be getting the most recent adaptation of the product, with no new downloads required. No introduces You don’t need to stress over introducing programming onto any of the PCs. This leaves less space for similarity issues for PCs. Typically on the off chance that you utilize a standard internet browser, more than likely you will have the option to utilize the administration. Minimal effort The forthright expense of distributed computing is little. The client can space the installments out over some stretch of time, paying regularly scheduled installments. Doing this maintains a strategic distance from any huge forthright expenses. There are additionally inconveniences of utilizing this model. These include: Security issues-Since programming as-an administration isn't run legitimately by the organization utilizing it, it is conceivable that the data can be seen and spilled by other people who run the program. Online association An online association is expected to run the framework. Accordingly in the event that you are some place without network access, you will be not able to utilize the program. Progressing installments Ongoing installments are important to prop the administration up. Dissimilar to customary programming where you just compensation one installment to introduce it, on the off chance that you don’t pay for the administrations your record will be shutoff. 2. How does Salesforce. com use distributed computing? AnsSalesforce has run over a few difficulties all through its development. One of these difficulties is rivalry from new organizations needing to recreate Salesforce and furthermore from customary modern pioneers. A couple of these contenders incorporates Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, and littler organizations, for example, NetSuite. Another test for Salesforce is choosing if it ought to extend its business into different territories. Starting at now, Salesforce is utilized essentially by deals staff to monitor leads and client records. Salesforce has shaped an organization with Google to ideally extend practically. A third test for Salesforce is its accessibility. It has periodic blackouts, causing organizations that rely upon Salesforce to be accessible 27/7 to reconsider their use as programming as an assistance. Salesforce is striving to defeat these difficulties. They are giving a valiant effort to stay aware of contenders and to extend their business. They are additionally giving apparatuses to guarantee trustworthiness to their customers about the frameworks dependability. They are offering an application that permits clients to work disconnected, which is a major favorable position on the off chance that an individual can't have web access and needs to utilize the framework. 3. What sorts of organizations could profit by changing to Salesforce and why? Ans. Pretty much any organization could profit by changing to Salesforce. com. Salesforce is an extraordinary route for organizations to monitor records and data. Pretty much every organization needs a spot to have the option to deal with these sorts of things. Salesforce gives organizations a solitary spot to store all their data and must be gotten to by approved workers. 4. What elements would you consider in concluding whether to utilize Saleforce. com for your business? One of the variables I would think about when choosing if I would utilize Salesforce for my business is its unwavering quality. On the off chance that my organization made some harsh memories with its network access, at that point I most likely wouldn’t use Salesforce, taking into account that web access is a necessity. I would likewise decide whether my organization would have the cash to ceaselessly pay for the program. I would consider its security issues and how that could influence my business. I would likewise consider how no establishment is required. This implies it’s one less programming I need to download on my PC to back it off and occupy extra space. I believe this to be a huge favorable position to utilizing Salesforce. 5. Could an organization maintain its whole business utilizing Salesforce. com, Force. com, and App Exchange? Clarify your answer. Truly, an organization could maintain its whole business utilizing Salesforce. com and App Exchange. From what I have seen on the Salesforce. com site, it can suit organizations procedures, for example, deals, advertising, account, assembling, and HR. At the point when I looked into all the changed applications on App Exchange, I saw that there are applications for pretty much everything. Applications can bolster errands, for example, messaging, making reports, and e-marks. Between Salesforce. com and App Exchange, an organization has all things needed to effectively maintain a business.

How Generalized Anxiety Disorder Affects Relationships

How Generalized Anxiety Disorder Affects Relationships GAD Coping Print Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Your Relationships By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 10, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Carey Kirkella/The Image Bank/Getty Images Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are known to experience impairment in various aspects of their lives, including relationships with relatives, friends, and partners.?? If you live with GAD, you may be prone to marital distress and be at greater risk of divorce.?? More so, problems in your relationships could spell trouble in terms of treatmentâ€"those with impairments in these areas generally dont respond as well to treatment over the long term. While you may worry a lot about your family, friends, coworkers, and others,  you may use negative strategies to cope with this worry. Over time, this can erode the very relationships you are working so hard to maintain. Common Relationship Problems for People With Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overall, common problems people with generalized anxiety disorder may experience include: Having few  relationshipsHaving difficulty attending to others needs (because you are too wrapped up in your own anxiety)Difficulty expressing how you are feelingFeeling fearful or defensive in romantic relationshipsAvoiding doing things with others out of fear (e.g., going on a vacation, trying something new)Having  trouble feeling joy and happiness with others (because you are worried all the time)Being  impatient with othersFeeling suspicious or lacking self-confidence;  checking up on others too frequently;  needing reassurance from othersBeing irritable with others or overly critical of themOverreacting to situations and making others feel uncomfortableHaving a tendency to end  relationships out of fearFeeling dependent on or clingy toward  othersFeeling insecure, which leads to  fear and doubt about others intentions Tips to Overcome GAD Issues in Relationships You can teach yourself to avoid relationship problems by doing the following: Practice living in the moment by taking a course in mindfulnessTake a mindfulness break before voicing an anxious thoughtAllow yourself to be uncomfortable when you know anxiety is holding you back if it is stopping you from spending time doing things you want to do with friends, relatives, or romantic partners. The uncomfortable feelings will lessen the more you face these situations.Do something with others that makes you laugh to relieve anxietyGo easy on other people when you feel anxiety is controlling your behaviorTalk about problems instead of remaining silent and letting your anxiety spiral out of controlTake the perspective of your friends, relatives, and significant other and understand their behavior from their point of viewTell others about your diagnosis of GAD  if your behavior has had an effect on themThink twice before burning a bridge with someone; is anxiety fueling your behavior?Ask those around you for their supportSeek the help of a therapist if you have not alre ady done soBuild your communication skills by taking courses or reading self-help books Research on GAD and Relationships Childrens Friendships and GAD In  a 2011 study of the interpersonal functioning of children (aged 6 to 13) with GAD (compared to those with SAD and controls), It was found that although kids with GAD had relatively few friends, they were just as likely as kids without the  disorder to have a best friend and take part in groups and clubs, and had similar ratings of social competence by their parents.?? This indicates  that generalized anxiety disorder in childhood is not necessarily related to problems in relationships with friends. More so, it suggests that problems in the relationships of adults with GAD are the result of poor coping strategies that evolve over timeâ€"and that could be reversed. Marriage and GAD A 2007 study about generalized anxiety disorder and entry into marriage/long-term partner relationships using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) showed that those with GAD were just as likely to enter into marriage.?? This suggests that people with GAD are not impaired in finding a mate, but may struggle later with marital problems. If you are married with GAD, anticipate that there may be struggles in your relationship and that couples therapy may be of help. A 2011 study found a correlation between anxiety in married women and their relationships with their husbands. In fact, the study authors noted, the women tended to feel their husbands played some part in their anxiety by either making it worse or making it better.?? Interaction  Styles of People With GAD In a 2011 study of case histories of individuals receiving psychotherapy for GAD, how people displayed their worries varied depending on how they interacted with others.?? The researchers discovered four interactive styles among those with GAD: IntrusiveColdNonassertiveExploitable Each of these styles manifested their worries in different ways. For example,  a person who was worried about the safety of someone might call that person every five minutes (intrusive) while someone else might say nothing and silently worry themselves sick (nonassertive).?? This means that  the same worry can affect relationships in different ways and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder should target these different styles of interacting. A Word From Verywell GAD can affect relationships in different ways. If you are experiencing distress in relationships with friends, family, or a significant other, know that its normal and that research has been done on the connection. If it is impairing your daily functioning, seek the help of your family doctor or mental health professional to determine the best course of action in the context of your GAD diagnosis.  Learning how to cope positively will benefit both you and your relationships in the long run.

Biography Of Jeffrey Leonard Resected A Brain Tumor

On December 23, 2014, neurosurgeon Jeffrey Leonard resected a brain tumor in a ten year old girl that was previously thought to be inoperable. Although it took two operations, due to modern technology and education Dr. Leonard was successful. The girl fully recovered from surgery and was awake and responsive the next morning. Modern surgeons’ knowledge of the human brain has evolved immensely through the ages. The first brain surgeons did not have anywhere near the knowledge that we possess today, but it is because of them that the current treatment of neurological problems is so advanced. Doctors can now perform advanced procedures such as the resection of tumors and clipping of aneurysms all while a patient is numbed and unconscious when previously treatment was a painful shot in the dark. Neurosurgery has evolved not only through extensive research of anatomy and a change in religious perspective, but came hand in hand with the development of anesthetics and the worldâ€⠄¢s major advancements in radiology and imaging. Neurosurgery is set apart from every other field because it pertains to the most important part of the body: the brain. If a person’s entire body works perfectly with the exclusion of the brain, that person will still never be able to function normally. There is a wide variety of neurological defects that can arise in any one of us including aneurysms, tumors, nerve damage, and strokes. (__) The sheer fragility of our minds demands highly skilled surgeons to fix

The Strength Based Approach Is A Traditional And...

5.1 Problem solving approach is a traditional and foundational aspect of general social work practice. It is based on identifying a problem or set of problems facing a client, and formulating a framework of possible options with the hope of fixing the problem or improving the situation. Although the worker may guide the client and inform them of the possibilities and options available, the client is still solely responsible for their own choices and actions. The formal application of this principle is the definition, assessment, setting of goals, intervention and resolution. The strength based approach is a groundbreaking concept that has changed the paradigm of problem solving within social work. Instead of focusing on the trials, problems and adversity that face a consumer. We acknowledge the difficulty, we do not underestimate it or belittle it, yet we try and change the focus of the situation and outlook of the individual, to focus on their skills, achievements, qualities, gifts and strengths. The goal of the strength based approach is to empower the individual, based on their past successes and to aid them in utilizing this strength to progress in a positive manner. We try to break the paradigm of defining the client by their faults or weaknesses. We as a society place names and labels on everything, we define our world and the people around us using this convention. However marginalized people often carry labels with crippling stigma attached to them, drugShow MoreRelatedProblem Solving And Strengths Based Approach1378 Words   |  6 Pages5.1 Contrasting a Problem Solving and Strengths Based Approach: Problem solving approach is a traditional and foundational aspect of general Social Work practice. 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The huge ethical considerations that have emerged out of this case for me is to be culturally competent. â€Å"Social workers should continue to obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression, age, marital status,

What Positive Steps Free Essays

If you ask anybody what positive steps will you take to tackle climate change? Moreover everyone’s answer would be â€Å"What will happen if only I start taking positive steps to tackle climate change? First let someone start then I will also start;† Friends this is wrong. To start anything the steps should be taken by us but we will wait till others start and others do the same. What’s the first thing that comes in your mind when you hear about climate change? Answer is Global Warming or Rising Temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on What Positive Steps or any similar topic only for you Order Now Global warming is one of the main reasons of climate change. Rising sea level, drought and Increasing temperature are the cause of climate change. And the one who suffers It are we and nature. And the main reason for it is human activities. What positive steps can you take to tackle climate change? There are many ways to do so like using renewable resources, using solar light, windmill, etc. The first way Is very simple and easy. The way Is traveling small distances by cycle instead of scooter/car. These reduce the use of forest fuel like terror which is getting lesser and lesser day by day. We should also save petrol for future generations. We can also travel by public transport. Traveling by public transport could reduce the use of fuel by individual four or two wheelers. Some people feel uncomfortable in public transport. The recent launched car/bus by which run on hydrogen rather than petrol is also one way. The second thing I or we can do is save energy in the form of electricity. Day by day energy resources are getting scarce. The thing you or I can do is finish your work in daytime when there is natural eight given by sun, so there Is less use of artificial light. Another thing that we can do Is when there Is no need of electric appliances Like computer, bulbs, lights, fans, T. V. ‘s etc. Just don’t forget to turn It off. Also In summer at night when you go to sleep Just open the windows rather than turning on the A. C. ‘s, so there Is natural air, electricity is conserved and pollution of air by A. C. Will not happen. The next boy is, to use 3 magical Or’s. Reuse, Reduce and Recycle. They are the most common topics when we start talking about climate change. 1. Reuse Reuse the thing which you have used once like plastic, bottles, plastic bags, glass bottles, etc. These are the materials which are very harmful to the climate. 2. Reduce Reduce the use of non- biographer waste like things made up of plastic. They take 100 of years to decompose. In the dump yard they Just burn it to finish it up. By burning It very poisonous smoke is formed which can harm the climate and human beings. 3. Recycle After using the things once never throw It If It can be recycled. We can put things Like bottle in the bottle bank. NAS into save-a-can and give paper to the person who ND I can take is the one most people in the word have ignored. That is being vegetarian. Friends, at least we can be vegetarian we could reduce 51% of greenhouse gases. The step is weird and simple but very powerful. Going vegetarian indirectly reduce deforestation. Non-vegetarian people are the cause of 1/3rd deforestation of grass in the word. They cut forest for grazing animals and to make them health in order to produce good meat. Meat industry produces more carbon dioxide then all word’s cars and rare planes. Also being vegetarian could expand our fife by 15 years, and could protect us from diseases like Swine Flu and Bird Flu. In you and l, some people are farmers. So the next point is for them. People which are farmers amongst ‘us’ should use. New methods of irrigation by which the use of water would become less and also should take interest in soil conservation for growing good crops and not letting a place become drought affected by making embankments, dress and forestation. So readers think that we should not wait for anyone to get on, instead we take a real step forward to save our mother planet. How to cite What Positive Steps, Papers

Yemen Oil Market Analysis Essay Example

Yemen Oil Market Analysis Essay Yemen’s economy, much like all the economies in the Middle East, relies heavily on oil exports.   Determining the politics of the region requires first a study in the production figures of Yemeni oil and the crude oil exports and petroleum imports.   In order to fully understand the politics of the region, it is beneficial to include other surrounding countries in the comparison. Yemen is a country situated in the Middle East and is attempting to become a worldwide leader in an economic setting.   The current economy of Yemen relies heavily on oil production, and it can be calculated that if oil production was non-existent in the country, the wealth of the country would fall further and possibly make the country one of the poorest countries in the world (World Fact Book).   The GDP of Yemen demonstrates how even though oil production is a major source of wealth in the country; it still is considered a fairly poor country.   The current figures of Yemen’s GDP are $22.74 billion (in dollars after the exchange rate), which makes Yemen number 85 in the world as far as GDP numbers (World Fact Book). We will write a custom essay sample on Yemen Oil Market Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yemen Oil Market Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yemen Oil Market Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Comparing Yemen to the entire world is not an accurate depiction.   To garner a greater perception of Yemen’s situation, it is essential to discuss Yemen in terms of their position alongside other countries in the Middle East region.   The table below displays Yemen’s oil production in relation to Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain.   This table represents how Yemen is in a fairly impressive position when compared to other major oil producers in the area.   Other countries have been producing oil for many years before Yemen, which means Yemen has made some progress in their production capabilities in recent years. Table: â€Å"Production of Oil in Middle East Countries as of 2005 (in thousands)† Yemen Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE Kuwait Oman Bahrain Production (bbls/day) 402 95 2,000 2,540 333 740 184 Source: IEA Understanding Yemen’s profits from oil and Yemen’s use of oil-based products is important when attempting to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Yemen’s economy.   The following table below displays Yemen’s oil exports and oil imports in barrels per day. Table: â€Å"Yemen Oil Exports and Oil Imports as of 2004 (in bbl per day)† Petroleum Exports Petroleum Imports Barrels Per Day 320,600 58,100 Source: World Fact Book One important finding from the table above is that Yemen has greater exports than imports.   Actually the amounts are nearly six times more exports than imports, which denotes the fact that Yemen is maintaining a great export market and not risking that market to meet domestic petroleum needs. 3.1.1 Political Factors Yemen’s current oil production is in a transition.   Currently, Yemen has an aging refinery and a more recent refinery that is supplying crude production capabilities.   Yemen’s dependence on foreign companies for oil services also contributes to the idea of attempting to find new sources.   A look into Yemen’s governmental control over oil demonstrates how the government is attempting to have at least minimal contacts within every facet of oil production and exportation. Yemen currently has two main refineries in which to conduct their oil marketing.   The Aden and Marib refineries compose the entire refined production capabilities for the country.   The Aden refinery is the oldest refinery in Yemen and was constructed by British Petroleum in 1952 and later acquired by the Yemeni government in 1977 (Yemeni Times Staff).   The Marib refinery is the most recent production facility online for Yemen (Yemeni Times Staff).   A real comparison of the two refineries is needed in order to denote production capabilities and compare the old style to the new style of oil refining.   The Aden refinery produces 120,000 barrels per day as of 2005 (Yemeni Times Staff).   The Marib refinery currently produces 10,000 barrels per day (EIA).   These two figures represent the advancement in technology that Yemen has experienced from the meager beginnings to the current production capabilities seen in the Aden refinery. Reliance of foreign companies is rampant in Yemen.   In particular, Yemen relies heavily on Hunt Oil and Nexen to procure exploration, production, and exportation.   Both of these companies have conducted exploration for years in Yemen, production facilities such as refineries, and exportation in the form of pipeline construction across the country (EIA).   Yemen’s reliance on foreign companies is in direct contrast to their governmental control over resources in the country.   Yemen does employ many private companies to produce and export their oil, but they still maintain control over these companies by either granting or denying land to drill in the form of concessions and by constructing production-sharing agreements (Oil and Gas Author).   The production-sharing agreements ensure the Yemeni government will get a share of the oil resources found in the country by mandating a large percentage of the royalties from the exportation of crude oil from the country to f oreign markets (Oil and Gas Author).   The current situation in Yemen is a strange dichotomy where much reliance on foreign entities is needed, but Yemen still maintains control to a great extent. 3.1.2 Domestic Production of Crude Oil Yemen’s current status in the world as a Middle East oil producer is comparable to other countries in the region.   Investigating Yemen’s current production and known reserves assists economists in determining Yemen’s leverage in oil production. Yemen is a non-OPEC oil producer and as such is ranked number 34 in the world for total production of oil (EIA).   As stated in the table from section 3.1, Yemen is in a fairly average position in terms of oil production in terms of 402,000 barrels per day as compared to neighboring countries (IEA).   Yemen’s current position in comparison to its neighbors appears to possibly be at a peak due to Yemen’s shrinking oil reserves.   The table below displays key dates where Yemen’s oil reserves have slowly declined starting with 100% reserves in the 1950s after the introduction of the first refinery, to a key pivot point in 2003, and finally to a point in 2012. Table: â€Å"Reserve Depletion in Yemen† Source: Thirumalai nbsp; The table demonstrates that in 2003, depletion of reserves became 2/3 of the total reserves originally present in the 1950s.   The table also displays how in 2012 the total reserves will be depleted and Yemen will not have any proved reserves left. 3.1.3 Domestic Consumption of Petroleum Products Domestic markets within Middle East countries do exist.   An unusual figure is the amount of domestic use of petroleum products in Yemen.   The main uses of these products involve energy markets.   Yemen’s two main refineries attempt to fulfill a majority of the domestic demand for petroleum products. The demand for petroleum products in Yemen is not much different from other countries around the world that currently do not supply a major amount of the world’s energy.   Yemen is in a beneficial position where the country produces a certain amount of petroleum products and the country as a whole uses less than what is produced by their production facilities.   The table below demonstrates the production of gasoline/diesel as well as residual fuel oil, and further displays the domestic consumption of these products. TABLE: â€Å"Production and Consumption of Gasoline/Diesel and Residual Fuel Oil (in tons)† Gasoline/Diesel Residual Fuel Oil Production 959,000 399,000 Imports 1,555,000 1,143,000 Domestic Supply 2,449,000 1,082,000 Net Available for Export 65,000 460,000 Source: IEA As the table above suggests, Yemen has 65,000 tons of gasoline/diesel available for export after the country fulfills its domestic needs.   Yemen utilizes importing to fulfill some of its domestic consumption needs because the two refineries they currently have presumably do not have the capacity to quench the domestic consumption.   The table above shows that domestic production is much lower than the imports of the noted petroleum products.   Compared to domestic supply, Yemen still contains some amount available for exporting due to differing production schedules (IEA).   This allows Yemen to derive some benefit from their resources through lowered imports for domestic consumption.   Currently, the Marib and Aden refineries supply all of the gasoline/diesel and residual fuel oil for domestic consumption and export. 3.1.4 Price Controls and Petroleum Product Subsidies Yemen maintains tight control over petroleum product prices.   Global pressures have caused Yemen to rethink their pricing policies.   The effects of price controls and subsidies have different impacts on the overall budget of the country. nbsp; nbsp; 3.2.3 Oil Field Licensing Blocks and Operating Companies Currently the Yemeni government is offering concessions for oil production to meet efficient production standards.   The major players in concession management are well established already within the company’s domestic production market.   However, Yemen realizes the economics of the situation and identifies the need for new concessions in order to establish a greater quantity of bids from a greater variety of companies willing to explore and produce in the country. The types of concessions developed by Yemen displays how oil reserves are found all around the country.   In order to fully understand the intricate development of the oil producing regions, it is essential to first identify the major players already established within the country.   Currently the major producers of oil that have enlisted many of the concessions blocks in the country are Canadian Nexen, Safer EP Operation Company, Total EP Yemen, Jannah Hunt, Dove Energy, DNO, Occidental, Calvally, VICOM, and OMV (EIA).   The Energy Information Administration identifies the fact that Yemen employs numerous and varied companies from different regions and locales.   Since the main companies participating in the concessions have been established, it is helpful to understand exactly what types of concessions these companies have rights to as well as what regions the concessions can be found.   The table below will display the companies already identified above as well as the co ncession blocks they control and what regions those concession blocks are found.   Also included in the table are the area size, year starting the concession, the accumulated oil production thus far, the average daily production of the particular concession, and the number of fields found within the concession. Table: â€Å"Concession size, region, name, production, and company rights† Block Name Region Company Area (km) Start Year Accum. Oil Prod. (mm bll) Avg. Daily Prod. (bpd) Number of Fields Marib (18) Marib Safer EP Operation Co. 8,479 1986 984.15 66,645 14 Masila (14) Hadhrmout Canadian Nexen 1,257 1993 936.81 134,161 16 East Shabwah (10) Hadhrmout TOTAL EP Yemen 964 1997 84.56 42,000 3 Jannah (5) Shabwah Jannah HUNT 280 1996 156.56 43,677 5 East SAAR (53) Hadhrmout DOVE Energy 474 2001 31.76 10,032 1 Hwarim (32) Hadhrmout DNO 592 2000 28.94 14,258 1 Damis (S1) Shabwah Occidental 1,156 2004 7.97 9,548 2 East Al – Hajr (51) Hadhrmout Canadian Nexen 2,004 2004 17.64 19,129 2 South Hwarim (43) Hadhrmout DNO 2,026 2005 4.16 7,484 1 Malik (9) Hadhrmout Calvally 3,530 2006 1.38 4,226 3 W. Ayad (4) Shabwah VICOM 1,998 1987 9.35 129 3 Al – Uqlah (S2) Shabwah OMV 2,100 2006 3,000 3 Source: EIA The concession of Al-Uqlah is currently not experiencing accumulated production, but is included because it is in the same region as the Jannah, Damis, and W. Ayad blocks.   Also, the Al-Uqlah block is already experiencing values for daily production in the 3,000 barrels per day range.   It can be presumed that this area will experience accumulated production soon due to the readily producing blocks found in that region and after the block has some time to further produce.   The table above also demonstrates that the length of time the concession began and the acreage covered by the concession will contribute some to the overall production of the concession, but smaller concessions with less time also have produced high numbers in terms of production capacities.   It is important to note that the major blocks in play are situated around three distinct regions, which further emphasizes that Yemen is concentrating production within a smaller sample of their country’s are a, but also emphasizes the idea that Yemen has some room to grow. Yemen has created many different concession areas, but currently the concessions that are having activity lie in only certain specific areas.   A concession map that is current as of February 2008 displays how Yemen is concentrating on production within only certain areas.   Below Source: PEPA: â€Å"Concession Map† nbsp; The concession map listed previously displays the producing areas or the areas that currently have active exploration.   The white areas are concessions that do not have production or active exploration.   The fact that many white areas exist on the map demonstrates that the government currently has many concessions up for bid, but it is also useful to discuss the concessions created and up for bid since 2003 to better understand Yemen’s concentration on further development.   As of right now there are a total of 87 concession blocks, 12 total producing blocks used by 11 companies, 26 blocks in the exploratory phase currently being explored by 16 companies, 7 blocks awaiting approval, and a total of 34 open blocks (PEPA: â€Å"Concession Map†).   These figures represent the stationary aspect of the concession leases and production, but also represent the prospects of growth that Yemen is attempting to exploit.   Problems with companies have existed throughout the years, and a majority of activity revolved around the recent 2000 decade.   In 2005 the Yemeni government terminated the Hunt Oil concession on Block 18 and instead gave the block to Safer Exploration and Production Operations Company despite the promise to Hunt to renew the lease on Block 18 (EIA).   This is an example of one of the many disputes and competitive actions that companies conduct for the Yemen concessions.   Other concession member companies have expressed interest in covering Hunt’s production, which is in reaction to Hunt’s dissatisfaction with the Yemeni government.   For instance, in 2005 the government was considering replacing Hunt with Premier Oil and the Yemen Oil Company specifically to combat the allegations surrounding Block 18 (Oil and Gas Author).   This conflict shows how the Yemen government does not want to use up time consulting existing oil companies if they do not wish to create a more harmonious relationship.   This als o signifies how Yemen is in a constant state of expansion whereby new partnerships and alliances will replace non-working partnerships in order to speed up production.   One of the more recent concessions involved the Iyad (Block 4) where Yemen awarded this concession to Korea’s KNOC (Oil and Gas Author).   Block 4 has yet to create any sizeable production as seen from the previous table concerning the concession productions, but the grant signifies Yemen’s acceptance of more diversity within the domestic oil production market.   The year 2005 experienced a dramatic increase in concession awards to a variety of companies, and these concessions are either producing or experiencing planning time before production may commence.   The following results from the 2005 bidding are as follows: â€Å"Oil Search (Blocks 7 and 74), Al Thani (Blocks 34, 37 and 55), and Occidental (Block 75)† (Oil and Gas Author).   A huge block was discovered to contain a large am ount of oil resources in 2003, which induced the Yemeni government to create a grouping of companies that will assist in the production of the oil rich block.   In 2003 a Canadian company called Calvalley made the oil discovery and the Yemeni government granted Calvalley, Reliance Industries and Hoodoil a license to develop Block 9 through 2025 (Oil and Gas Author).   The exploration was maintained throughout the years of 2003 and onward, which presented Yemen with more opportunities for granting bids on more concessions.   In 2004, Yemen granted a consortium of DNO and Transglobal Energy the rights to exploration of Block 72 (Oil and Gas Author).   Older bids that established this growth in concession building occurred in 2001.   OMV, Cepsa, and PanCanadian were granted production contracts for Block 60 (Oil and Gas Author).   As of today no sizeable production has occurred in this block according to the concession table and map, but these grants opened the door for fut ure production expansion for the country.   More current concessions are currently up for bid which attempt to expand the reach of production to include offshore areas as well as other land-based areas in the country.   The oil ministry recently Announced the Fourth International Bid Round for Offshore Exploration and Production. This round is targeting eleven offshore blocks, namely: Kamaran (22), Hodaidah (23), South Balhaf (46), Midi (55), South Mosina’ah (61), Atab (62), South Nashtun (63), Ra’s Mume (93), Abd Al Kuri (94), Samhah (95), and South Ra’s Mume (96) (EIA). nbsp; These areas represent the newest concessions that entrenched companies as well as any new companies wishing to conduct production in Yemen can bid on.   These bids will be granted to the highest bidder and are an attempt to create a more progressive society for Yemen.   The new blocks are of interest to many oil companies throughout the world.   For example, a conference for the new blocks commenced where â€Å"40 big oil firms [attended] including Shell, British Petroleum, Exxon Mobil, Oxy, Nexen, Oil Search and CCC† (Yemen Observer).   The attractiveness of Yemen has been enhanced by the earlier production sharing agreements and concession bids. The two major producers within Yemen are Nexen and Hunt, and these two companies currently hold major concessions in the country.   Nexen is a Canadian company that has been producing oil in Yemen for many years.   Nexen first created a presence in Yemen in 1993 when they were granted a concession in Masila   (Block 14) and began production that same year (Ford, 44).   Nexen had created a presence in Yemen early, which has assisted in further exploration projects and concession bids.   Yemen has had a long relationship with Nexen, which has created a trustful relationship whereby both the country and the company have benefited.   Nexen’s most recent Masila and East Al Hajr production in 2007 has had remarkable results and has become a major portion of the company’s total production.   In 2007, Nexen had produced a total 71,600 barrels of oil per day in the two Yemen concessions, which represents over 28% of Nexen’s overall production as a company (F ord, 44).   Nexen is experiencing substantial production growth due to their relationship with Yemen.   Nexen is also fortunate to have Yemen as a partner in production because the oil that remains in their concession blocks has bolstered their proved reserves.   Proved reserves are oil reserves that have already been explored and confirmed as being present within a given area, but have not yet been produced and procured from the ground (Mackenzie, 48).   Nexen has increased their total proved reserves by 4% by utilizing the concessions they control in Yemen (Ford, 44).   Nexen’s exposure in Yemen is considered one of the greatest single exposures of a company in a Middle East country.   Nexen has established their presence so much in Yemen that they are the largest project holder in the country (Ford, 44).   Nexen’s development in Yemen has flourished due to the relationship between the two entities that was established in 1993 and continues to this day.    Hunt Oil is another company with a very large control over certain concessions in Yemen.   Hunt Oil uses a subsidiary called Jennah Hunt Oil to control the oil concession they currently hold.   Hunt maintains Block 5 with a 15% interest and averages over 45,500 barrels per day from the production (Ford, 45).   The cumulative oil produced in 2006 from Block 5 production was in excess of 158 million barrels (Ford, 45).   In 2007 Hunt was mainly concerned with calculations for production as well as estimates of whether or not drilling of more wells would produce enough oil to garner the task.   2007 saw Hunt drill production wells at the Dhahab field and an additional two wells in the Halewah field have been granted for drilling (Ford, 45).   Hunt has experienced significant growth in technology associated with deciding the viability of certain areas of increased exploration.   The company has conducted reservoir simulation studies intended to determine drilling and capacity requirements that may be needed in the future concerning their Block 5 concession (Ford, 45).   Hunt Oil has had some complications with their relationship with Yemen, but has continued to exploit their concession to the fullest position possible.   The introduction of research on greater capacity and drilling denotes a step toward expanding their production in Block 5.   Hunt Oil and Nexen are two very different companies in their Yemeni participation as well as origin, but have created a majority of production in the country. Nexen and Hunt Oil command two of the largest pipelines for transporting crude oil in Yemen.   Hunt Oil was the first company to begin exploration in Yemen, and because of this fact was the first company to assist the Yemeni government in construction of the first major oil pipeline.   First, Hunt Oil constructed the Mareb refinery, which was later handed over to the Yemeni Oil Refinery Company, but introduced the pipeline to the world (Haifi).   Hunt created all of this construction within a relatively short time period.   During the years of 1986-1987, Hunt Oil and the Yemeni government conducted a construction of a pipeline that would run from the Mareb basin and down to the Red Sea (Haifi).   The construction project was a complicated procedure for an oil company, but was considered unbelievable in the industry.   The pipeline consisted of 437 km of piping that traveled over mountains and to a final port, which is considered one of the most difficult and largest const ruction projects ever in the world (Haifi).   The flow of the oil relays to the refinery and ultimately ends at a transport terminal in the Red Sea.   Hunt Oil and the Yemeni government proposed and created a floating terminal that is connected to the pipeline in the Red Sea where all of the oil from the Mareb basin is fed (Haifi).   Hunt Oil helps in the maintaining of the pipeline and operates much of the pipeline infrastructure and has continued this operation as long as the Mareb basin produces resources.   Nexen’s pipeline was constructed in response to a lack of transportation of crude across the country.   Nexen began their exploration and production in the early 1990s, which means the company, was the second company to begin production after Hunt.   Nexen created the Masila pipeline called the Ash Shihr pipeline that is 138 km long and has a capacity of 300,000 barrels per day (PEPA: â€Å"Pipelines Terminals†).   Nexen utilizes the pipeline in o rder to efficiently transport the products mined from the Masila concession area.   In both examples the pipelines were built by Hunt and Nexen and were pivotal to the development of Yemen’s oil production.